The hyper-optimistic, long-term solution envisioned is a sufficient supply of retired vehicle batteries to recycle into enough new batteries to fully satisfy demand, a closed loop of supply with no mining required. Elon's former right-hand tech guy, JB Straubel, founded
Redwood Materials with that vision in mind. Its plant is located near Giga Nevada, Tesla's battery and semi-truck facility outside of Reno.
The current situation is challenging, with geopolitical considerations.
China leads the world in the production of many of these minerals, even ones that are scarce domestically. Its lax environmental standards enable refining operations that would be undesirable in western nations. NIMBY discourages even environmentally responsible operations in the west.
Tesla is striving for cobalt-free batteries. No decent human being wants to see impoverished, barefoot children scrambling in a pile of rocks and stagnant water for the benefit of the local potentate. (Cobalt is found in every single smart phone on the planet, btw. We all have dirty hands.) The current cobalt content in Tesla batteries using it is under 5%.
On a number of occasions Elon has publicly asked, almost pleaded, for help in securing additional supplies of nickel. Seriously, comments not far removed from "psst, anyone know where I can score some nickel?"
The Model 3 RWD uses a battery containing only lithium, iron, and phosphate (LFP). Lithium and iron are two of the most common elements in the earth's crust, so raw material supply is not an issue. Lithium refining is a nasty business, from what I understand.
Tesla is building a lithium processing plant, using ore from North American sources only, near Corpus Christi, TX. It claims that 2025 production will be sufficient for 1M EVs. Unfortunately, LFP batteries are currently unsuitable for use in the rest of its vehicles, which have more demanding power requirements.
To put that 1M vehicle number in perspective, Tesla's ambitious goal for 2030 is to produce 20M EVs. Current annual worldwide production is ~90M vehicles of all types.
This article provides useful data for the mining implications.
Don't get me started on copper.
As I said at the start of this far-too-long rant, the situation is challenging. The good news is battery technology is quickly improving and work on substituting more widely available minerals for rarer and less acceptable ones is well underway.