"Meditations" (Marcus Aurelius c. 180 – translation & intro by Gregory Hays, 2002)
Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor. He reigned from 161 to 180 (AD). During the final decade of his life, he wrote an untitled series of self-reflections. Essentially, the text documents Marcus's attempts to understand how to live a good life. Scholars generally believe that he never intended to publish his writing. It's unclear how the journals (subsequently named the "Meditations") survived the centuries.
Structurally, the Meditations consists of twelve books. In the first volume, Marcus summarizes the key lessons he's learned from his family, teachers, and peers. The longest entry is about his adopted father Antoninus Pius (there's another lengthy entry praising him in the sixth book). The remaining eleven journals don't appear to have any specific order (either in terms of how those eleven volumes should be arranged, or how the entries within each are organized). The meditations range in length from a single sentence to several long paragraphs. The writing is concise (some entries are unintelligible), but the occasional nature analogies (about trees, rocks and rivers) are illuminating.
David Arthur Reese once wrote that Marcus's musings "are not, and do not claim to be, a work of original philosophy". I agree with that assessment. Marcus's writings are based upon Stoic philosophy, which had been created four hundred years before Marcus was born. These volumes contain little that hasn’t already covered by Stoic writers such as Seneca and (especially) Epictetus. Furthermore, there's relatively little philosophical analysis (where an argument is advanced, supported by logical reasoning). Instead, Marcus repeats a number of core themes, almost obsessively. He generally assumes (rather than attempts to prove) that the underlying premises are true.
Despite this not being a rigorous philosophical treatise, there's significant value in the “Meditations”. Marcus discusses a number of core themes in detail – cultivating indifference to things outside of one's power, being patient with other people (even when they cause harm), and always remembering the inevitability of death. It would be impossible to summarize the “Meditations” into a single concept, but perhaps the most prominent idea is self-control. Marcus argues that what happens in the world is objectively neither good nor bad, and that we have the power to choose how to react to external events. In Book 4, Marcus notes (in his typical spartan prose) that one can "Choose not to be harmed — and you won't feel harmed. Don't feel harmed — and you haven't been". I (and especially my wife) would be happier and more productive choosing not to react to things that aren't crucial towards achieving our goals. Understanding that is straightforward, but acting on it is far tougher.
Given Marcus's role as emperor, he strived to be surprisingly understanding towards people who caused him harm. In Book 7, he notes "When people injure you, ask yourself what good or harm they thought would come of it. If you understand that, you'll feel sympathy rather than outrage or anger". In Book 11, he notes that if someone despises him, his role is "to be patient and cheerful", and to be "ready to show them their mistake. Not spitefully... but in an honest, upright way". Perhaps I'm cynical, but I have a hard time imagining most modern politicians being so magnanimous.
Although "Meditations" was written eighteen centuries ago, it's remarkable how current the text feels. At the start of the fifth book, Marcus talks about having trouble getting out of bed in the morning. I can't imagine any person who doesn't have these feelings, at least occasionally. He also criticizes the "despicable phoniness" of people who go out of their way to tell you that they're being honest (Book 11). I sometimes do that, and I should excise phrases like that from my vocabulary. As Marcus notes, your honesty "should be obvious — written in block letters on your forehead".
Some critics argue that Marcus's philosophy is a defensive one, which I agree with it. Although it provides considerable guidance on enduring hardships, there's no allowance for happiness. I also struggle with the concept of the "logos" (the pervasive force that gives order to the universe). It seems to be similar to the concept of "faith". I'm not sure how we can reconcile the concept of free will with a power that organizes the world. I could accept "logos" as, essentially, a code of conduct, under which people should be, among other things, honest and kind. Under this framework, people should be praised for following the guidelines, and criticized for not, but they're still free to choose. Marcus seems to take the concept much farther, and suggests that the logos is a physical force, that, among other things, absorbs the souls of the dead (Book 4).
Marcus frequently talked about the shortness of life, and how people are soon forgotten. He would likely be shocked and humbled that his self-reflections have survived for nearly two millennium. There's significant wisdom in these writings. Although many of the concepts are fairly simple, Marcus's repeated efforts to examine the same ideas from different perspectives help reinforce the lessons. Applying even a few of the lessons from “Meditations” would surely enrich anyone’s life.
(NOTE – I read the 2002 edition, translated by Gregory Hays. It also includes a helpful introduction about Marcus’s life, along with the historical and philosophical context of his writings).