Well, I went by personal recent experience, but my car is a bit older so maintenance is higher (out of warranty and getting to the point I need some things dealt with), also the make has a big impact, Toyota and Hyundai for example was always considered pretty low cost to maintain while Ford and Chevy tended to be much higher. Luxury vehicles are even worse.... There is plenty of numbers you can get from a quick google, this one for example is double my overall estimate but about 500 less a year on maintenance, so I'll grant you that I went higher than average.
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Then again here's another source claiming the yearly average is $1500, but it starts lower and only hits the yearly average at year 10, those 10 yr+ cars are likely shouldering a lot of the cost.
How much are car maintenance costs? Read our guide to determine the average maintenance costs for top car brands. How much should you budget for car maintenance?
www.thinkinsure.ca
As for car payments, sure, you can buy used, then you're likely out of warranty and probably have to deal with higher maintenance costs, be it brakes, tires, battery, transmission, muffler, ect. But you're still on the hook for 10k or more, heck you mentioned getting a Kona n, 2021 kona's are going for around 20k on Autotrader right now and that's not even the N, so my 30k as a starting point seems pretty reasonable.
Anyways, the overall point was more that there are lots of costs that don't often get thought of when it comes to owning a car, you might have been lucky to get free parking until recently, but a lot of people aren't, and that's not even considered parking costs for people renting apartments which can add another $80-$120 a month.
From a purely cost perspective, you're probably better off busing and renting a car for trips, taking an Uber the odd time you need to, assuming you are well served by transit. Personally I'd rather tax dollars go towards making public transit a reasonable option than making driving slightly more convenient, if I could get to work in 45 min instead of 20 driving, I'd probably do it, but like you said, the transfer really makes it a big headache.