Book Feature The Fastest Game in the World: Hockey & the Globalization of Sports (by Bruce Berglund)

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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The Fastest Game in the World: Hockey and the Globalization of Sports is a history of the global sport based on research in multiple countries and multiple languages. The author was a history professor for two decades, and the book has the foundation of an academic work, with research done in 20 different archives. These original sources range from the letters and diaries of Canadian players in Europe during the 1930s to the minutes of state hockey committees in communist Czechoslovakia, CBC memos about hockey broadcasts, and correspondence between the IIHF and IOC. The aim of the book is to investigate the emergence of the “hockey world.” We use this phrase to encompass the network of players and coaches, male and female, who move from country to country. There are cultural differences within this hockey world, and the book discusses those (e.g., how did the distinctive European and Canadian styles of play develop?). At the same time, there are many common features. This is especially the case since the 1990s, as people, ideas, and equipment moved around the world.

The book is not so much an account of the game’s great players and memorable moments. Instead, it is a look at how different aspects of cultural, social, and political history connect with hockey. The book talks about climate, parenting, television, marketing, suburbs, socialism and capitalism. Along with Gretzky, Hasek, Larionov, and Wickenheiser, the book devotes attention to how people like Cecil Rhodes, Sonja Henie, Michael Eisner, and Vladimir Putin influenced hockey’s development.

Paperback copies are available from the publisher, University of California Press: www.ucpress.edu/9780520303737
At checkout, use the code 17M6662 for 30 percent off the list price of $24.95.

About the Author:
Bruce Berglund grew up in the cold, gray, rust-belt city of Duluth during the Cold War. He was fascinated by the pictures he saw of cold, gray, rust-belt cities in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. He studied Russian at the University of Minnesota, and then earned his Ph.D. in East European and Russian history at the University of Kansas, switching his specialty to Czechoslovakia. He has earned three Fulbright grants for his research, and has written about East European nationalism, religion, totalitarianism, art and architecture. He taught at KU and Calvin College in Michigan for two decades, and now works on the staff at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota.

Excerpt from Chapter Four: “Toward New Directions”:
In the Soviet Union, as in Canada and the United States, hockey participation rose with the demographic boom of the postwar years. Soviet boomers grew up with Canadian hockey, idolizing the stars of the Soviet Union’s first championship teams and playing on neighborhood rinks. The Soviet equivalent of the North American backyard rink was the korobka, the box, a small rink built in the courtyard of an urban apartment complex. For millions of people in the Soviet Union, the courtyard was the center of daily life: there was space for a community garden, playground, clotheslines, parking for those fortunate enough to have a car. “The courtyard was, for me, perhaps a second home, the primary school of life,” recalled Boris Mikhailov, captain of the Soviet team in the 1970s. Growing up in Moscow’s Khoroshevsky district, Mikhailov and his friends scavenged construction sites for planks to build their korobka and convinced maintenance workers to flood the makeshift rink.

The resourceful children of Mikhailov’s day not only had to find their own boards, they also had to improvise for equipment. As in other areas of Soviet life, hockey was plagued with shortages. During the late 1950s, when Mikhailov and his friends played in their boots with a tin can for a puck, the State Hockey Department was calling for construction of more rinks and setting production quotas for hockey sticks. Yet, as historian Paul Harder details in his study of Soviet hockey, the lack of basic equipment persisted. With little gear available, authorities published instructions on how players could make their own. “We made sticks, pads, shovels to clean the rink,” recalled national team player Viktor Kuzkin in a how-to article for the children’s magazine Young Technician. “I shot the puck once with a simple stick with a board nailed on the end as a blade. But the blade immediately broke off. So I had to go back to the workshop to make a new one.”

Authorities also sought to structure the games of these korobka players. In 1964 the youth organization Komsomol launched the Golden Puck tournament for teams from apartment blocks and schools. In its first year, the competition drew fifty-seven teams of 14- to 15-year olds. A decade later, the tournament had three age classes, several hundred teams, and – according to publicity – some four million players. Anatoli Tarasov was credited as the tournament’s founder and was a visible part of the event. He regularly attended games at the national level, telling the press that he was searching for boys to join the Red Army youth teams. . . .

Red Army had its pick of the best children starting out in the game. But Tarasov also recruited promising young talent from other Soviet teams. Players for other clubs knew that playing for Tarasov was the first step toward selection for the national team. If a player accepted the invitation, Tarasov arranged for the young man to be conscripted into the army. Coaches of other club teams resented this sway over players, and the Hockey Department criticized the lack of parity in the domestic league. Nevertheless, other top teams followed suit. Moscow clubs Spartak and Dynamo both hoarded talent from the provinces, with offers of better pay and life in the capital. In the 1960s, these three Moscow clubs – Tarasov’s CSKA, Arkady Chernyshev’s Dynamo, and the trade-union club Spartak, coached by Vsevolod Bobrov – dominated the Soviet league, and the national team featured their best players.

While Tarasov was notorious for working his players the hardest, all teams trained their players throughout the off-season. Soviet athletes made a full-time commitment, and they were paid well for their work. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hockey player’s stipend was two to three times an average worker’s earnings (similarly, the average NHL salary in the mid-1960s was double the median salary in the United States or Canada). Each member of the national team also earned a 1000-ruble bonus for winning the world championship, roughly equivalent to the annual average wage in the Soviet Union. Players pocketed even more money by bringing goods from abroad and selling them on the black market. “It was considered a decent trip if you could make three thousand rubles,” recalled national team captain Boris Mayorov.

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Theokritos

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Apr 6, 2010
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Thanks for joining us! As someone particularly interested in Soviet hockey, I appreciate you mining those Russian sources and quoting from Boris Mikhailov's autobiography here. Paul Harder's thesis has also been discussed on this very forum before.
 

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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I grew up a block away from a neighborhood rink and played for house teams there. My dad had been a college player and then a ref. For years, I'd go to arenas and watch him ref games, and then I became a ref myself. I reffed hockey and football for years, and I found that experience related well to my later work in sports history. As a ref, you are in the middle of the action, you have to know the game well to anticipate what is going to happen, but you also have to be dispassionate, an observer – like a historian.

When I was in grad school, I did some research papers on the early NFL. But at the time, my professors frowned upon sports history. It wasn't "real history." Like so many academic historians of my generation, I wasn't able to move into sports history until after I got tenure.

One person with a profile like that is Chris Young at the University of Cambridge. He's a specialist in medieval Germany who then moved into sports history. He wrote one of the best books in the field, a history of 1972 Munich Olympics (The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany). He is also one of the editors of the series "Sport in World History" at the University of California Press, and he asked me to contribute a book for the series. The idea behind the series was to have researchers with expertise in specific world regions do research about sports in archival materials and foreign-language sources. At the same time, they wanted books in the series to be written for general readers, not just for other academics and students in courses – in other words, not like a dry, boring history book.

Chris and I went back and forth on a book for the series. He wanted a book on sports in Eastern Europe. I said that nobody would buy that. We finally agreed on hockey – the sport I've known since I was a kid.
 

Theokritos

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Chris and I went back and forth on a book for the series. He wanted a book on sports in Eastern Europe. I said that nobody would buy that. We finally agreed on hockey – the sport I've known since I was a kid.

The scope of the book is certainly interesting. It's encouraging to see well-researched books popping up that make use of sources from various countries and various languages.

That said: the book isn't actually out yet, right? The publishing date is December 8?
 
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kaiser matias

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Mar 22, 2004
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A see some parallels between your work and Hockey: A Global History by Stephen Hardy and Andrew C. Holman (2018). I just read their book a few months ago, and found it an interesting way of looking at the sport globally, as they did touch on Europe a lot more than other books do, while also making use of academic sources (though not as much archival material per se). Have you read their book, and if so what would you say is a major difference that you're contributing here?

I also want to ask if you have been in touch with Erica Fraser from Carleton University. She is working on a book on early Soviet hockey, tentatively titled Real Men Play Hockey: The Invention of Nordic Masculinity in Soviet Sports Culture. To quote her Carleton faculty page: "It explores the roots of what was called 'Canadian-style' hockey, which Soviet leagues adopted after the Second World War to replace an older Russian version of the sport. Drawing on the work of environmental historians, this project treats ice as a historical actor and takes seriously the development of a cultural terrain for Soviet sport that privileged the intersection of Nordic-Slavic and masculinized identities."

I should also disclose here that I am an alumnus of Carleton, specifically their European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies program (the same one as Paul Harder, mentioned above, and where Erica is a professor, though I did not know her), and while my research was on a completely different topic, I've long been looking for a way to do some serious work on hockey history, particularly Soviet hockey.

Very interested in this book, as few scholars ever tackle hockey, especially ones who have any command of Russian (which obviously limits researching Soviet hockey).
 
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Bruce Berglund

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Yes, there are parallels. I kept Hardy and Holman's book close by after it was published. First, it's a indispensable source and essential study of the game's history. I drew upon their interpretation of hockey's periods of divergence and convergence for my own book.

I also kept their book close by to make sure that I was steering a different path. The different approaches of the two books are shown in the titles. Their book, Hockey: A Global History, is the story of the game, in its full, worldwide development, with so many facets uncovered. It's the work of veteran scholars who have spent their lifetimes writing about the game's history. My book, by contrast, is the history of hockey and something. In other words, I went into my research to find out what hockey reveals about modern sports and the place of sports in our globalized world.

The other big difference is that their book is big – it is sweeping in the best sense of the term. My book is half the length.

No, I haven't been in touch with Erica Fraser. That is a terrific line of research she's taking (as is her other project, on media representations of Russians since 1991).

Even Russians who work on the history of Soviet hockey find the going tough. Source materials are difficult to access, or simply don't exist. I recall a Russian article remarking that there more available sources on clubs in 19th-century Canada than there are on Soviet clubs in the 1950s.

Then there are the political difficulties of writing about Soviet history, which you are familiar with as a EURUS grad.
 

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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I should add that my first teaching position was in the Russian and East European studies program at the University of Kansas. That kind of interdisciplinary area studies training is ideal for doing sports history.
 
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Theokritos

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Bruce, how long did the research for this book take? Given that you did archive work in various countries, you sure had to travel around quite a bit.
 

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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I began work on the book in 2015. In 2016 I made my first research trips to Canada: to archives in Winnipeg and to the HHOF. A research grant allowed me to travel from January to July 2018. I went to South Korea for the Winter Olympics. Then I spent two months in Europe, visiting Prague, Bratislava, Budapest, Helsinki, Lausanne (IOC archives), Zurich (IIHF), and Davos. Finally, I spent a total of six weeks in Canada. I did work at the Glenbow Museum, the special collections room at the University of Calgary, the University of Alberta archives, the University of Toronto archives, Archives of Ontario, and Library and Archives Canada.

Yes, a lot of travel. I had several terrific AirBnB hosts.
 

kaiser matias

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Mar 22, 2004
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Yes, there are parallels. I kept Hardy and Holman's book close by after it was published. First, it's a indispensable source and essential study of the game's history. I drew upon their interpretation of hockey's periods of divergence and convergence for my own book.

I also kept their book close by to make sure that I was steering a different path. The different approaches of the two books are shown in the titles. Their book, Hockey: A Global History, is the story of the game, in its full, worldwide development, with so many facets uncovered. It's the work of veteran scholars who have spent their lifetimes writing about the game's history. My book, by contrast, is the history of hockey and something. In other words, I went into my research to find out what hockey reveals about modern sports and the place of sports in our globalized world.

The other big difference is that their book is big – it is sweeping in the best sense of the term. My book is half the length.

No, I haven't been in touch with Erica Fraser. That is a terrific line of research she's taking (as is her other project, on media representations of Russians since 1991).

Even Russians who work on the history of Soviet hockey find the going tough. Source materials are difficult to access, or simply don't exist. I recall a Russian article remarking that there more available sources on clubs in 19th-century Canada than there are on Soviet clubs in the 1950s.

Then there are the political difficulties of writing about Soviet history, which you are familiar with as a EURUS grad.

Great, thanks for answering. Like I said I can't wait to read it, and think it will definitely be a good addition to the literature of hockey history.
 

DN28

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Jan 2, 2014
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@Bruce Berglund Thank you for writing this book. It definitely sounds like the book written just for me. I hope I'll purchase it and read soon.

Can I ask you how did you get access to "the minutes of state hockey committees in communist Czechoslovakia"? I assume you contacted the current Czech hockey association.. How good the communication with those people was for you?

Or did you find those records in not strictly hockey-related archives such as National Library or National Archive in Prague?
 

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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No, I didn't contact the federations. The minutes were in a couple of non-hockey archives.

The records for meetings from the 1950s were in the Czech National Archive in Prague, in the collected materials of the State Committee on Sport and Physical Education. The minutes from the 1960s through the 1980s were in the Slovak National Archive in Bratislava.

It's the case with other European countries as well that materials from the hockey federations (or other sports) are collected in open archives. For instance, when I visited Helsinki, I looked at materials of the Finnish federation at the National Sports Museum. I can't read Finnish, but all of the Finns' correspondence with people in other countries and the IIHF was in English.
 

Theokritos

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Apr 6, 2010
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The aim of the book is to investigate the emergence of the “hockey world.” We use this phrase to encompass the network of players and coaches, male and female, who move from country to country.

Where does the "hockey world" start in your book? When the 1920 Winnipeg Falcons set foot in Europe and head for the Olympic Games in 1920?
 

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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Good question! 1920 is an important point. The Europeans in Antwerp were astonished by the Canadians. Right away, after the Canadians and Americans played, the LIHG voted to adopt Canadian rules and create a world championship. LIHG was then involved in planning the first Winter Olympics in 1924 (bumping out bandy).

More important were the developments in the 1930s. This is the period when a larger "sports world" developed, with the Olympics gaining popularity and the World Cup starting. In hockey, there were more contacts between Europe and North America, with Canadian teams barnstorming through Europe every winter and Canadian players (and player/coaches) prominent with European clubs. There was also growing commercialization of European hockey.

So we see these two hockey cultures having some consistent points of connection. That said, there were still big divides: rinks were different shapes, on-ice strategy was different, there was a divide in structure of clubs vs. franchises, and importance of international tournaments vs. NHL. Nobody in North America knew of the top players in Europe. Likewise, the Canadian players who were famous in Europe were the ones who played in Europe, not NHL stars.

This would be the dynamic in the decades to come: some links between Europe and North America, and striking parallels in their development. But I would say there is not an integrated hockey world until the 1970s, in the wake of the Summit Series. That's when European ideas begin to have an influence in North America, and international hockey supplants the NHL as what is regarded as the highest-quality competition.
 
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Theokritos

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More important were the developments in the 1930s. This is the period when a larger "sports world" developed, with the Olympics gaining popularity and the World Cup starting. In hockey, there were more contacts between Europe and North America, with Canadian teams barnstorming through Europe every winter and Canadian players (and player/coaches) prominent with European clubs. There was also growing commercialization of European hockey.

That's my impression as well. We've had presentations by British hockey historians Stewart Roberts and Martin Harris over the last few months and the short period in the 1930s when England was at the cutting edge of European hockey is fascinating. You had Canadian amateur players going overseas in considerable numbers, you had attempts to create transnational European leagues and an annual transatlantic club competition, you had dreams of a professiona league based in London and with a working agreement with the NHL, and finally you had the first NHL overseas tour. Hockey globalization 1.0, so to say.
 

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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Exactly. Globalization 1.0 is a great way to put it.

As a historian, I've always been fascinated with that period in general. In hockey, the 1930s in Europe are a wonderfully colorful and dynamic time. When I was in the archive in Prague, I found a set of thick scrapbooks from these years, full of clippings from Czech newspapers and glossy photographs. Prague was really the center of European hockey during these years, along with Davos. Canadian teams played there regularly. Teams from Germany, Sweden, England, France, Italy, Romania, and Hungary came to Prague. Every team posed for a photo before the game. The outdoor "Winter Stadium" would hold crowds of more than 10,000.

One story I tell in the book is about hockey in Paris during this time. An American boxing promoter named Jeff Dickson renovated the old Vélodrome d'Hiver, the main venue for boxing matches and cycling races, into a multi-use arena (complete with retractable roof). He wanted hockey to be one of the main events at his new arena.
 

decma

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Feb 6, 2013
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The book is not so much an account of the game’s great players and memorable moments. Instead, it is a look at how different aspects of cultural, social, and political history connect with hockey. The book talks about climate, parenting, television, marketing, suburbs, socialism and capitalism. Along with Gretzky, Hasek, Larionov, and Wickenheiser, the book devotes attention to how people like Cecil Rhodes, Sonja Henie, Michael Eisner, and Vladimir Putin influenced hockey’s development.

Thanks for the very interesting preview.

Have you worked with (or are you familar with) Ethan Scheiner (at UC Davis)? I believe he has done research in this area and has a book coming out on the role of hockey (and the 68 world championships in particular) in the Prague spring and Czech-Soviet history generally.
 

Bruce Berglund

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Nov 27, 2020
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Yes, Ethan and I were both doing research in Prague, back in 2018. We talked sports and politics over a good dinner of guláš, svíčková, and of course Czech beer.
 

Theokritos

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Apr 6, 2010
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Prague was really the center of European hockey during these years, along with Davos. Canadian teams played there regularly. Teams from Germany, Sweden, England, France, Italy, Romania, and Hungary came to Prague. Every team posed for a photo before the game. The outdoor "Winter Stadium" would hold crowds of more than 10,000.

In the light of this, it's not suprising that Czechoslovakia emerged as the first genuinely European hockey power (albeit coached by a Canadian, Mike Buckna) after WW2. Czechoslovakia won the World Championship in absence of the Canadians in 1947, finished second in the 1948 Olympics, taught the Soviets how to play in December 1948 and then defeated the Canadians at the 1949 World Championship. The sad end of this successful run one year later is well known: the team was stopped from travelling to the 1950 World Championship by their own government and soon afterwards several players found themselves in prison.

I remember seeing these events portrayed somewhere as a crackdown on the Czechoslovak hockey program ordered by Moscow. No doubt, followings orders from the USSR was certainly a reality in Czechoslovakia under the Communist government, but from my (limited) insight into the time I would assume that the Czechoslovak Communists were distrustful enough to act on their own behalf. When they came to power, the existing sports clubs like LTC Prague were pretty bourgeois and many players were anything but Socialists. Several athletes (not only hockey players) flirted with defection, some actually pulled it off (e.g. Jaroslav Drobný) and when a plane carrying several Czechoslovak hockey players from Paris to London disappeared over the English channel in November 1948, the Communists suspected that the alleged disaster was actually a ploy and the players had escaped abroad.

Did your research touch upon this topic and the forced demise of Czechoslovak hockey in 1950?
 
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Bruce Berglund

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Yes, that is an important section of the book. I spent a lot of time in two archives researching that episode. The National Archive in Prague holds the court records for the hockey players' trial, along with the letters that the players' families wrote to the president asking for clemency. The archive of the Communist state security forces, known in Czechoslovakia as the StB, had the records of their players' individual interrogations.

There is a lot of material. But what doesn't exist (or at least has never been found) is a smoking-gun document explaining why the government targeted its world championship national hockey team. One of the players later stated in his memoir that the Soviets were behind the arrests, but there is no proof of that.

What the documents do show is that the case against the players was not fabricated. They were discussing emigration with each other, and they were in contact with an American officer at the US embassy, who planned to create a Czechoslovak team in exile. The question the documents do not show is which player informed on his teammates. For Czechs who write about this episode, that is the bigger question.

We do know that the Czechoslovak government was embarrassed by previous defections, such as the tennis player Drobný. Just a week before the hockey players were due to leave, figure skater Alena Vrzáňová had stayed in London after winning the world championship.

To your point "I would assume that the Czechoslovak Communists were distrustful enough to act on their own behalf," that was not the case. The minutes of the state hockey committee show that Czechoslovak hockey officials were willing to subordinate themselves to the Soviets, just as they had done with the Nazis ten years earlier. "We have to stop believing the myth that we taught them hockey," said one official in a meeting.
 

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